The country is entering the age of knowledge when increasing returns would be ubiquitous. The democratic governance structures of this country have evolved, over the course of six decades, sets of complex institutions systems and practices that bind or otherwise relate S&T to the other spheres. With about four thousand research and development organizations, large organized systems of knowledge production, millions of knowledge-workers and an even larger number of citizens trying to engage in knowledge-based activities ranging from agriculture through semi-skilled workers to industrial workers, coupled with the fact of the country being especially gifted with immense diversity in natural resources –– the opportunity set of potential outcomes are immense and invigorating.
The long twentieth century in Indian S&T based developmental experiments, in particular at grass roots, has thrown up immense volumes of data, facts and artifacts. A crucial issue emerges. The country very badly needs a strong mechanism to capture data related to S&T and innovation right from the regulatory or executive levels to source-points where S&T output or innovations get generated.
This Report presents several facets of Indian S&T. In lieu of attempting the development of a set of traditionally known indicators of S&T, the attempt here has been to capture multiple facets of Indian economy and society where S&T makes contributions. With unstated theoretical bases, contributors presented research conclusions in the form of several portrayals. Given the fact that S&T interfacing the economy and society has very large dimensions this Report could take up only a handful. Such a collage offers albeit a picture of where Indian S&T is located.
The report is the first of its kind from this country. It is targeted at a wide readership ranging from policy makers and advisors to academic readers as well as the common person. The contents of the report are:
|
Overview |
Pattern of Enrolments at Different Educational Levels |
Vipan Kumar, NareshKumar, Neelam Kumar |
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Enrolment Trends at different levels |
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Pattern of enrolment in professional courses |
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Vocational Education in India |
Indranil Biswas |
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Graphical representation of capacity and availability of ITIs and ITCs in India |
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Paramedical practitioner Status in Rural India |
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School- a part of vocational Studies-brief statistics |
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Other premier organizations providing Vocational Training (Govt. and Non-Govt.) |
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Communities trained by KVIC |
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Initiatives taken in 11th Five year plan |
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Educational Infrastructure in India |
Naresh Kumar, VipanKumar, NeelamKumar |
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Performance in Sciences at Secondary/Higher Secondary Level |
Vipan Kumar, Naresh Kumar, Nitin Gupta |
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Performance in CBSE (2007) |
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Performance in State Boards (2007) |
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Stock of Indian S&T Manpower |
Deepak Saxena, P. Banerjee |
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Inter-State Migration at Secondary level |
Vipan Kumar, Avinash Kshitij |
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International Migration of Students |
Naresh Kumar, Vipan Kumar |
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Flow of students from India and China |
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Migration of Indians Abroad |
Deepak Saxena, P. Banerjee |
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Measures to promote Basic Science |
Naresh Kumar , Vipan Kumar |
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National Talent Search Examination (NTSE) |
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Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) |
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Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) |
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Higher Education and Research Training |
P. Banerjee |
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Medical Manpower in India: An Overview |
Kasturi Mandal |
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Gender and Science in India |
Neelam Kumar |
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Historical Background |
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Contemporary data |
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Indian S & T systems: the place of Females |
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S
& T Structure, Infrastructure
and Public Space
|
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Overview
|
Salient Features of Growth, Efficiency and Technical Change in the Indian Economy over Sixty Years |
Panchanan Das |
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Technical changes in the Indian Economy as Evident from Input-Output Tables 1993-94 and 2003-04 |
Pradip Biswas, Panchanan Das, P. Banerjee |
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Innovation in the economy |
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Technological changes in relation to crop production |
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Technological changes in relation to allied agricultural activities |
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Technological changes in relation to agro-processed industries |
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Technological changes in relation to textiles |
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Technological changes in relation to furniture, wood products, etc.: |
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Rubber, plastic petroleum and coal products |
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Chemical industries |
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Non-metallic and metallic mineral products |
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Machinery industries |
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Imports of technology intensive inputs |
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Trends in High Technology Trade |
Sanjib Pohit |
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Industrial R&D in India: Broad Indications |
Sunil Mani |
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Trends in R&D Investment |
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Trends in Patenting |
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Trends in technology trade balance |
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Industrial R&D in India: Contemporary Scenario |
Sujit Bhattacharya, Kashmiri Lal |
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R&D Investment: International Scenario |
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Industrial R&D-Indian Scenario |
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Key findings |
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FDI in R&D in India |
A.K. Bhardwaj, Rammi Kapoor |
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Internationalization of R&D |
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New Trends in R&D Internationalization |
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Indian Scenario |
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Linkages with Indian Production and R&D system |
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R&D in Private Industry in Post liberalization Period (1990-91 to 2006-07) |
Yogesh Suman, Kavita Mehra |
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Pattern of innovation and R&D in select sectors by listed and other companies of India |
Avinash Kshitij, Bikramjit Sinha, P. Banerjee |
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Place of R&D and the company management structure |
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Nature of innovative output |
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Modes of innovative undertaking |
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Features of innovation |
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Indian companies and R&D |
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Inter-Sector restructuring |
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Non-R&D innovation and R&D in select industry sectors based on mostly listed companies |
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Regional Performances: sector-wise & based on mostly listed companies |
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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises of India: Innovation Status and State of Affairs |
Indranil Biswas, Avinash Kshitij, Saurabh Atri, P. Banerjee |
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Overview |
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Industrial organization in tiny sector |
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Public procurement for MSME |
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Rural inputs into MSME |
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Sustainability of MSME |
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Knowhow and knowledge flows for MSME |
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Entrepreneurship in non hi-tech MSME |
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Innovation & technological change agency: Governance and monitoring |
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MSME : Introduction |
Indranil Biswas |
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Entrepreneurship in MSME |
Indranil Biswas, Avinash Kshitij, Saurabh Atri |
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Ancillarization of MSME units in India |
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Skill-pull in Indian MSME |
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Exchange of Knowledge and Other Factors between MSME and Factories in Different Geographies |
Avinash Kshitij, Indranil Biswas, P. Banerjee |
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Non-R&D Innovation in Indian Organized Factory Enterprises |
Bikramjit Sinha,, Avinash Kshitij, Yogesh Suman, P. Banerjee |
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Innovation in organized sector |
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Policy targets for innovation |
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Innovation policy types |
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Policy and governance of innovative changes |
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Innovation policy schematic |
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Nature of innovative changes |
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Innovation patterns in organized factory-based enterprises |
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Innovation in total manufacturing industries |
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Another account of innovation in factory sector |
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Innovation across different types of ownership |
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Location based innovation in industries |
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Inter-state comparison of industrial innovation |
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Innovations in sectors – Non R&D aspects |
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Inter sector comparative innovation in some select sectors of factories |
Yogesh Suman |
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Features of Non-R&D Innovation |
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Recent Trend in Technology Up-gradation in the Indian Textile Industry: Need for S&T Intervention |
Pradip Biswas |
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Indian Automotive Industry: Innovation and Growth |
Mamata Parhi |
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Chronology and typology of India’s automotive growth |
|
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Growth Dynamics of Automotive Segment |
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Auto Component Industry – Recent Performance Indicators |
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Automobile Sector: Innovative Changes in Factory Sector over 2000-04 |
Panchanan Das |
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Tyre Industry in India |
Parvathi K. Iyer |
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R&D Efforts, Exports & Sales |
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Technology Generation |
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Automation |
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Recent Initiatives |
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Future Prospects |
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India’s Telecommunications Industry |
Sunil Mani |
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Contribution of telecommunications sector to India’s economy |
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Dimensions of the growth performance of telecommunications services |
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Growth Performance of Technology Oriented Industries in India: Case – Biotechnology |
S. Visalakshi |
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Biotechnology Industry in India |
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Structure of Biotech industry |
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Biotech market in India |
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Performance of Biotech Industry in India |
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Pharmaceutical Industry |
S. Visalakshi, Varun Satia, Parvathi K. Iyer |
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Structure |
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Performance |
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Structure and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Pharmaceutical Firms |
Parvathi K. Iyer |
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New Initiatives for SMEs |
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Regulatory Issues in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry |
Parvathi K. Iyer |
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Major Regulatory Bodies |
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Temporal Progression of Drug Policies and Acts |
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Patents and Data Protection related issues |
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Drug Pricing |
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Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) |
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International Regulatory Certification |
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Recent Trends |
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Limitations of the present regulatory regime |
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New Initiatives |
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Indian Herbal sector |
Kirti Joshi |
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Infrastructure |
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Industry |
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Government stand |
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IPR Issues |
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Loss to the country |
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Human Vaccine Science and Technology Status in India |
Y. Madhavi |
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Vaccine R&D Status in India |
|
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Vaccine R&D Efforts |
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Highlights of Indian Vaccine R& D Achievements |
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Knowledge Capability and Capacity in Biomedical field |
P. Banerjee |
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Research from hospitals: evidence |
Avinash Kshitij, P. Banerjee |
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Institutional distribution of biomedical knowledge |
P. Banerjee |
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Role of hospital in research |
P. Banerjee |
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Biomedical knowledge assets in Indian cities |
P. Banerjee |
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India’s Capability and Competence in Energy sector R&D |
Kirti Joshi, Avinash Kshitij, Bikramjit Sinha, Vipan Kumar, Kasturi Mandal |
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Demand and supply scenario |
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Role of Private sector in Energy Sector R&D |
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Role of Public sector in Energy Sector R&D |
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Endnote |
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Materials R&D and Innovation |
Avinash Kshitij, Bikramjit Sinha |
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Materials Production in India |
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India’s Materials Trade |
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Materials R&D Strategy of India |
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Materials R&D in the private sector |
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Materials R&D in the universities/research organizations: Knowledge Generation |
|
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The Way Ahead |
|
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Overview
|
|
Status of India in Science and Technology as reflected in its Publication Output in Scopus International Database, 1997-2007 |
B.M. Gupta, S.M. Dhawan |
|
India’s Publication Share and Rank in World |
|
|
Subject Profile of India in Science and Technology |
|
|
Status of India’s International Collaboration in Science & Technology |
|
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India’s Research Output by Geographical Regions |
|
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Output & Impact of National Funding |
|
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High Productivity S&T Institutions in India |
|
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Most Productive Journals in Science & Technology |
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High Cited Papers from India |
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Conclusion |
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Indian Scientific Output as seen through Indian Science Abstracts |
K.C. Garg, Suresh Kumar, Bharvi Dutt |
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Mathematics Output |
A. Kshitij , P. Banerjee |
|
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Global Malaria Vaccine Research: Reflections from Publications |
K.C. Garg, Suresh Kumar, Y. Madhavi, Mala Bahl |
|
|
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Profile of Indian Science Journals |
K.C. Garg, Suresh Kumar, Bharvi Dutt |
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Membership of Editorial Boards of US and UK Journals in Clinical Medicine Field |
Praveen Sharma |
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Appropriation and Value of Publications, the Knowledge Assets |
P. Banerjee |
|
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Access to International Journals using Citations: a case study of Medical Science Research in India |
K.C. Garg, Suresh Kumar, Bharvi Dutt |
|
|
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Indian Patent Output 1990-2007 |
V.K. Gupta |
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Salient highlights of the findings |
|
|
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Indian Publications and Patents Output in Information and Communication Technology |
Akshay Khatreja, V.K. Gupta |
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Growth in publications |
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Growth in patenting |
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Indian Publications and Patents Output in Nanotechnology |
Anit Kumar Panda, V.K. Gupta |
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Salient results |
|
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Indian Patents in Biotechnology |
S. Visalakshi |
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Salient features |
|
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Nature of Applicants for Indian BT Patents |
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Focus of Indian Biotech Patents |
|
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Conclusion |
|
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Strategic Worth of Patenting |
P. Banerjee |
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Some observations |
|
|
Conclusion |
|
|
S & T for Rural India
and
Inclusive Growth
|
|
Overview |
|
Science and Technology for Rural Development: A Synergy Approach |
Rangan Dutta |
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S&T System for Rural Technology Development and Dissemination – its present set up |
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Problems in Technology Dissemination |
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Suggested Approach (A framework of synergistic mechanism) |
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Non-Farm Occupation in Rural India |
A.K. Mukhopadhyay, D. Gangopadhyay, Saswati Nayak |
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Strengths |
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Weaknesses |
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Rural Development: A strategy for poverty alleviation in India |
D. Gangopadhyay, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, Pushpa Singh |
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Status of use of Modern Implements, Farm Machinery and Hand Tools |
Indranil Biswas, Bikramjit Sinha |
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Information source for rural people |
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Finance for farmers |
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Major farm machinery training and testing institutes in India |
|
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Usage of modern farm implements (based on NSSO) |
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Export Import scenario |
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Status of Hand tools |
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Key points to focus on |
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One Segment of Unorganized Sector Workers: Rural Artisans |
S.S. Solanki |
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Present Scenario |
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Some Insights from Rural Artisans |
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Organization of Trainings |
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Policy Implications |
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Shelter: A Big Challenge for Rural India |
Bikramjit Sinha, Indranil Biswas |
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Present Scenario of housing |
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Government efforts in rural shelter |
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Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) |
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State-run housing Schemes |
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Financing Rural Housing |
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Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) |
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National Housing Bank (NHB) |
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Research Agencies in Rural Housing |
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Creating a market for innovation in housing – a push and pull approach |
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Drinking Water Supply vis-a-vis Technological Interventions for Social Empowerment of Rural India |
Kasturi Mandal |
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Progress achieved so far |
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Health cost |
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Role of Technology in Rural Water Supply |
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Some Technological Success stories |
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Rural Sanitation: A step towards achieving the Millennium Development Goal No 7, Target 10 |
Kasturi Mandal |
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Rural Energy Security in India: Reality Checks |
Bikramjit Sinha, Indranil Biswas |
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Facts of energy scenario in rural India |
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Two perceptions that need attention |
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Pattern of rural energy consumption |
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Government initiatives |
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Sources for Rural Energy |
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The way ahead |
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Applications of Geospatial Information Technologies for Rural Development & Inclusive Growth in India |
Subhan Khan |
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Some Applications of Geospatial Technologies |
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Some Policy Implications |
|
|
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Government Intervention in Focal Areas of Traditional System of Medicine |
Kirti Joshi |
|
Conservation |
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Cultivation |
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XI five year plan |
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Existing R & D Infrastructure |
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Inferences |
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Impact of Science & Technology on Indian Fisheries Sector |
B. Ganesh Kumar, K.K. Datta |
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Mushrooms: The vegetable of future |
NSK Harsh, Kirti Joshi |
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Sustenance from wild collection |
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Sustenance from cultivation |
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Food security |
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Major Constraints |
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Horticulture: Post Harvest Management |
Saswati Nayak, A.K. Mukhopadhyay |
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Post Harvest Research |
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Fruits and Vegetable Processing |
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Recent Policy Initiatives |
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EXIM Scenario |
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Future post-harvest research priorities |
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Key issues in Post-harvest Management of Fruits and Vegetables in India |
L. Pulamte |
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Inadequate post harvest infrastructures |
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Lack of processing facilities |
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Pesticidal contamination |
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Plant breeding for quality |
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Livestock in Mixed Farming: A Leveraging Asset for Inclusive Rural Development in India |
Indranil Biswas, Bikramjit Sinha |
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Status of livestock asset according to land holding capacity |
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Livestock Diseases and clinics |
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Key points to focus on |
|
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Sericulture Industry in India – A Review |
D. Gangopadhyay |
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Present status |
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Types of silk |
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Position in global sericulture |
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Science, Technology and Trends |
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Potentiality of the sericulture industry |
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Summing up |
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Potential of Bio-pesticides in Indian agriculture vis-a-vis Rural Development |
Bikramjit Sinha, Indranil Biswas |
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Scope of Bio-pesticides |
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Factors affecting growth of Bio-pesticides |
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Usage of Bio-pesticides |
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Industry Overview |
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R &D Status of Bio-pesticides |
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Bio-pesticides in India |
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Public support system |
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Bio-pesticides for rural development |
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Opportunities |
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Indigenous Agricultural Systems of Northeast India |
L. Pulamte |
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Rice based farming system of the Apatanis |
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Zabo farming system of the Chakhesangs |
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Bamboo drip irrigation system of Meghalaya |
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Alder-based jhum system of the Angamis |
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Foodgrains: Seed Development & Production |
Kirti Joshi |
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Government initiatives |
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R&D Focus |
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Seed Strategy/ Long Term Policy Framework |
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GM Crops: Potential for Second Green Revolution? |
Kirti Joshi |
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Legal institution |
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GM Foods |
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Implications |
|
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ICT in Agriculture Marketing |
Mala Bahl |
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The Indian Agricultural Scenario |
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A Few Important Models, Initiatives, Projects of the Agricultural Marketing Information Network: |
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Major Recommendations |
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Mechanism of Developing and Fixing Food Standards |
Kirti Joshi |
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Developing food standards |
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Regulatory Bodies |
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Food Safety Certification |
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Food Testing Infrastructure |
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Towards Agricultural Innovation Policy |
Suresh Pal, Uree N Choudhary, Rashi Mitta |
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Agricultural Research System |
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Capacity for Innovation: Role of Policy and Institutions |
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Inference |
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A paper version of an Extended Summary of this report can be availed from: NISTADS, Pusa Gate, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi – 110012
A pdf version of the Extended Summary is available on Click.
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