India, Science and Technology:  2008

S&T Output and Patents

 

 

Status of India in Science and Technology as reflected in its Publication Output in Scopus International Database,
1997-2007

 

 

B.M. Gupta & S.M. Dhawan

 

This section seeks to provide current indicators on Indian science and technology, thereby enabling planners in S&T to measure and evaluate the country’s progress in research.  The study uses 11 years publications data in science and technology on India and other top 19 productive countries. Their publications data has been drawn from Scopus database covering the period 1997 to 2007. The study examines the country’s performance on several measures including the country’s publication share in world research output and country publication share in various subjects in the national context and in the global context. It also determines patterns of research communication in core Indian and foreign journals, geographical distribution, share of international collaborative papers at the national level as well as across subjects. In addition it profiles high productivity institutions, scientists and cited papers. The study compares similarities of Indian research profile with 19 other top productive countries. The findings of the study should be of special significance to the planners & policy-makers.  

 

Introduction

Science and technology pursuit has been a major planning objective of the country, identified on purpose to initiate, advance and accelerate national development in all sectors of the economy. Consequent upon this policy initiative, India has been able to usher significant growth in its capacity and capability in basic, applied, and developmental research in science and technology. Its S&T infrastructure has grown large, comprising of more than 300 universities, 400 research laboratories, 13 institutes of national importance, and 1300 in-house industrial R&D units, besides several other government departments, private, international and non-profitable institutions. Correspondingly, investments in S&T have also grown many-fold, from Rs.760.5 crore in 1980 to about Rs.16,361 crore in 2005-06. The total annual expenditure on science and technology is now close to 0.8% of the Gross National Product (GNP). If the government's vision at present is to be believed, the size of the education sector will grow almost 10-fold during the current XI Five-Year Plan. Given these projections in the higher education sector in the country, S&T infrastructure in India is certain to witness significant expansion too in the near future.

Keeping in view the overall size of the S&T infrastructure in the country and its steady growth in S&T investments, it is desirable that India comes out with a program to measure and monitor its performance in S&T on a regular basis. This task inevitably requires building appropriate indicators of S&T performance, designed to understand the dynamics of research at institutional, sectoral, geographic and at subject level. Besides, indicators are required for depicting how Indian science is performing vis-à-vis select similarly placed countries and against countries from the developed world. S&T indicators are also required for understanding how collaborative research at national and international level is used to improve the quality and capability building in the country.

Several bibliometric studies have so far attempted to look at indicators as required for understanding the status of science and technology in India1-7. They had focused on developing indicators on institutional productivity, national productivity, scattering of research across Indian & foreign journals, quality of research, and nature of collaboration, etc.  Another important study8 by the authors to this paper, conducted recently under the sponsorship of the Office of the Principle Scientific Advisor (PSA) to the Government of India, had reported several important indicators to understand the progress in Indian science and technology, covering the period 1985-1986, 1995-2006 and 2001-2002. The data on these S&T indicators, developed mainly on publications output for select and short periods, is old and outdated. For understanding the current status of India’s S&T, there is a need to produce latest S&T indicators, based on publications data for comparatively longer duration, and hence this study. The present study seeks to build Indian S&T indicators by examining and analyzing 11-years continuous S&T publications data from India for the purpose.   

 

Objectives

The main objective of this study is to produce current Indian S&T indicators by measuring progress of research in India using publications output data. Such indicators are of special significance to the planners & policy-makers in the country. In this regard the study aims at:

(i) analyzing India’s current publications rate and its global publications share in comparison with select leading countries,

(ii) comparing and understanding similarities between India’s national research profile and of select leading productive countries;

(iii) determining most productive and weak subject areas of research in Indian science and technology;

(iv) determining India’s share of international collaborative papers in its total output,  leading co-author countries collaborating with India as well as its publications share across main subject areas,

(v) determining most productive and weak  geographical regions, and

(vi) understanding characteristics of highly productive institutions, scientists and of  cited papers.

 

Methodology and Data Source 

This study uses Scopus database for drawing publications data on India and select countries leading in science and technology. Scopus is an international multidisciplinary database indexing over 15000 international peer reviewed journals in science and technology, besides more than 500 international conference/seminar proceedings. So far Scopus is the single largest international multidisciplinary database in the world. Given its wider coverage of journals and conference/seminar proceedings from developed and developing countries (including from India and China) compared to another international multidisciplinary database such as Web of Science database, the use of Scopus is expected to generate a better picture of Indian S&T indicators and hence its selection for this study.

The study uses 11 years publications data from 1997 to 2007 on India and other top 19 productive countries for developing S&T indicators. The study has purposely used larger data set covering 11 publication years in order to ensure that the study reflects a more accurate and reliable results as possible.  In addition, it used citations data for measuring quality and visibility of Indian research output. Three years citations window has been used for computing average citations per paper for all S&T papers published by India from 1997 to 2004. But for papers published in 2005 we had to two years citations window and one-year citations window for papers published in 2006. The study has used a number of absolute publications, citation and collaborative measures for developing S&T indicators as needed for depicting India’s status in science and technology from 1997 to 2007. 

 

Analysis

India’s Publication Share and Rank in World:  India ranks 12^th among the top 20 productive countries in science and technology, with its global publications share of 2.11% as computed from cumulative world publications data for 1997-2007 (Table 1). The other countries in the top 20 list that contributed world share similar to that of India are Russia, Spain, and Australia (in the range 2.0% to 2.50%). In overall, the global publication shares of the top 20 productive countries in S&T from 1997-2007 ranged from 1.03% to 23.44%. The United States tops the list with its global publication share of 23.44%, and followed far behind are United Kingdom, Japan, China, Germany, and France (their global publication share ranging 4.5% to 7.4%). The countries that rank between 13^th and 20^th positions are Netherlands, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Brazil, Poland and Belgium with their global publication share ranging 1% to 1.9% (Table 1).

Declining Global Publication Share of Developed Countries: The publications activity of most developed countries is gradually declining over time in global context. This is evident from declining trend in their global publications share figures for 1997, 2002 and 2007. In particular, the developed countries that have shown decline in their global publication share are many, including United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France, Russia, Netherlands and Sweden. The countries from the developed world that have however, shown rise in their global publication share over time are relatively few, including Italy, Australia, Spain, Canada and Poland (Table 1).

 

Table1: Productivity and World Publication Share of Top 20 Productive Countries   in Science & Technology

S.No	Country	National Publication Output				Percentage Share Of National Publication Output in their total output				World Publication Rank
		1997	2002	2007	97-07	1997	2002	2007	97-07	97	02	07	97-07
1	USA	314,029	314,530	357,635	3,584,564	27.72	23.79	20.65	23.44	1	1	1	1
2	UK	124,776	93,234	124,776	1,130,827	11.01	7.05	7.20	7.40	2	2	3	2
3	Japan	87,750	91,655	98,211	1,057,233	7.74	6.93	5.67	6.91	3	3	4	3
4	Germany	75,296	80,514	97,200	958,647	6.65	6.09	5.61	6.27	4	4	5	5
5	China	31,236	62,256	194,241	993,717	2.76	4.71	11.21	6.50	8	5	2	4
6	France	56,310	57,162	71,984	691,720	4.97	4.32	4.16	4.52	5	6	6	6
7	Canada	40,236	41,799	62,859	525,931	3.55	3.16	3.63	3.44	6	8	7	7
8	Italy	38,128	41,875	59,520	510,298	3.37	3.17	3.44	3.34	7	7	8	8
9	Spain	25,049	30,409	46,808	372,277	2.21	2.30	2.70	2.43	10	10	9	9
10	Russia	31,040	32,431	30,660	355,564	2.74	2.45	1.77	2.33	9	9	14	10
11	Australia	23,059	27,410	42,558	337,376	2.04	2.07	2.46	2.21	11	11	11	11
12	India	21,058	25,990	44,135	322,956	1.86	1.97	2.55	2.11	13	12	10	12
13	Netherlands	22,094	23,616	33,299	291134	1.95	1.79	1.92	1.90	12	13	13	13
14	South Korea	11,933	19,651	38,067	257,034	1.05	1.49	2.20	1.68	16	14	12	14
15	Sweden	17,360	17,173	22,315	212529	1.53	1.30	1.29	1.39	15	15	18	15
16	Switzerland	15,507	16,034	23,704	207,737	1.37	1.21	1.37	1.36	16	16	17	16
17	Taiwan	11,575	14,539	27,410	192,106	1.02	1.10	1.58	1.26	17	19	16	18
18	Brazil	10,289	15,804	28,819	194,024	0.91	1.20	1.66	1.27	20	17	15	17
19	Poland	11,328	15,037	19,686	177,288	1.00	1.14	1.14	1.16	19	18	19	19
20	Belgium	11,343	12,659	18,486	157,930	1.00	0.96	1.07	1.03	18	20	20	20

 

Rising Global Publication Share of Developing Countries: All developing countries in top 20 productive countries list have shown rising trend in their global publications share over time. China, in particular, has shown strikingly significant rise in its publications share, rising from 2.76% to 4.71%, and to 11.21% in the years 1997, 2002, and 2007 respectively. Correspondingly China improved its world ranking from 8th position in 1997 to 5th in 2002 and to 2nd in 2007. South Korea has also improved its world share (from 1.05% to 1.49% and to 2.20%), Taiwan (from 1.02% to 1.10% and to 1.58%), and Brazil (from 0.91% to 1.20% and to 1.66%) during corresponding years. The world ranking of these three developing countries also improved: South Korea (from 16^th to 14^th and to 12^th), Taiwan (from 17^th to 19^th and to 16^th), and Brazil (from 20^th to 17^th and to 15^th) during corresponding years.

India also witnessed rise in its world publications share. The shift in its global share was from 1.86% to 1.97% and to 2.55% in 1997, 2002, and 2007, respectively. Correspondingly, it improved its world ranking from 13^th position in 1997 to 12^th in 2002 and to 10^th in 2007 (Table 1).

 

India’s Publication Growth Rate in World Context

The developed and developing countries differ significantly in their annual average publication growth rate as seen from their annual publications output data for 1997 to 2007 in S&T. It was 2.23% to 6.54% for developed countries and 7.76% to 20.96% for developing world countries. Whereas the developed countries maintained slow pace of growth in their publications output, the developing countries on the other hand have shown significantly faster growth rate (Table 2-3).
India achieved annual average growth rate in publications output at 7.76% as seen from its publications output data for 1997-2007.  China showed growth rate of 20.96% per annum, the highest amongst top 20 countries, followed by South Korea (12.49%), Brazil (10.97%), Taiwan (9.21%), and India (7.76%). Indian ranks last among the developing countries in terms of pace of growth in its publications output (Table 3).

All countries from the developing world (among top 20 productive countries) have shown growth rate of their annual publications output higher than the world average (4.41%).  The countries from the developed world (among top 20 productive countries) that have shown growth rate higher than the world average (4.41%)  during 1997-2007 include Spain (6.54%), Australia (6.39%), Poland (5.93%), Belgium (5.15%), Canada (4.73%), Italy (4.64%) and Switzerland (4.56%) (Table 3).
Growth rate of publications output by developing world countries has also changed over time. Based on publications output data for 1997-2002 and 2003-2007, it was found that Chine improved its growth rate from 15.37% to 26.54%, India from 4.31% to 11.21%, Taiwan from 4.70% to 13.71%, South Korea from 10.56% to 14.42% and Brazil from 9.05% to 12.90%. The productive developed world countries have also shown similar trend (Table 3).

 

Table 2: Annual Publications Output in Science and Technology of Select Countries

Table 3: Annual Average Publications Growth Rate of Select Developed and Developing Countries

Country	Annual Average Publication Growth Rate			Country	Annual Average Publication Growth Rate
	97-07	97-02	03-07		97-07	97-02	03-07
World	4.41	3.18	5.64	Sweden	2.65	-0.21	5.51
United States	1.37	0.04	2.71	China	20.96	15.37	26.54
UK	3.54	1.01	6.06	India	7.76	4.31	11.21
Japan	1.23	0.89	1.57	South Korea	12.49	10.56	14.42
Germany	2.68	1.36	3.99	Belgium	5.15	2.26	8.04
France	2.56	0.32	4.81	Brazil	10.97	9.05	12.9
Italy	4.64	1.91	7.38	Taiwan	9.21	4.70	13.71
Netherlands	4.32	1.38	7.25	Russia	-0.01	0.92	-0.94
Spain	6.54	3.98	9.10	Poland	5.93	5.85	6.01
Switzerland	4.56	0.37	4.2	Canada	4.73	0.82	8.64
Australia	6.39	3.52	9.25

 

Subject Priorities of Top 20 Productive Countries as reflected in their Cumulative Publication Output during 1997-2007

Subject priorities of top 20 productive countries in research have been determined by computing their national publications share in broad disciplines including physical, engineering, life, and health sciences as defined by Scopus based on their publications output for 1997-2007. The strength of national publication share of a country in a discipline reflects its research priority in the subject comparison to other disciplines. The higher the productivity the higher priority of the country in the discipline (Table 4-5).
For example, India’s national publications share has been the highest (41.07%) in physical sciences, followed by life sciences (29.68%), engineering sciences (29.59%), and health sciences (22.06%). Given this data, one can conclude India’s order of priority in research by discipline. Its priority is the highest to physical sciences, followed by life sciences, engineering sciences, and health sciences. In the world context, India’s national publications share in physical sciences, life sciences, and engineering sciences each has been above the global average in each discipline. But in health sciences its share has been below the global average (Table 4-5).
For clarification it may be stated that according to Scopus classification physical sciences discipline includes subjects such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, earth & planetary sciences and environmental sciences. Similarly, life sciences include subjects such as agricultural & biological sciences, biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology, pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics, immunology & microbiology and neurology. Engineering sciences includes subjects such as engineering, materials science, computer science, chemical engineering and energy. Health sciences include subjects such as medicine, public health, nursing, dentistry and veterinary science.

 

Table 4: Subject Priorities of Top 20 Productive Countries as reflected in their Cumulative Publications Output during 1997-2007

Country	Total Papers	% Share of Papers under the following Broad Fields
		Physical Sciences	Engineering Sciences	Life Sciences	Health Sciences
World	15289447	27.90	29.10	23.87	29.58
USA	3584564	26.42	20.87	31.09	33.94
UK	1130827	26.12	19.34	31.94	36.67
Japan	1057233	33.72	31.94	28.37	26.77
Germany	958647	37.48	23.84	26.80	30.15
China	993717	38.97	51.60	15.12	11.25
France	691,720	37.56	24.47	28.21	29.28
Canada	525,931	29.02	23.97	29.86	29.69
Italy	510,298	34.37	21.91	28.74	34.70
Russia	355,564	63.57	35.11	17.30	3.65
Spain	372,277	36.21	21.36	31.14	32.10
Australia	337,376	27.97	18.90	31.67	34.17
India	322,947	41.07	29.59	29.68	22.06
Netherlands	291,134	28.06	19.78	30.85	37.62
South Korea	257,034	38.75	50.18	23.33	14.81
Sweden	212,529	29.50	21.48	33.12	34.57
Switzerland	207,737	35.10	19.92	29.41	32.75
Taiwan	192,106	33.52	46.99	18.29	22.47
Brazil	194,024	33.06	22.48	33.80	31.71
Poland	177,288	47.75	27.55	25.86	23.34
Belgium	157,930	31.38	22.09	30.57	35.17

 

Table 5: Broad Discipline wise Output of Top 20 Productive Countries as reflected in their Cumulative Publications Output during 1997-2007

Country	Total Papers	Count of Papers under the following Broad Fields
		Physical Sciences	Engineering Sciences	Life Sciences	Health Sciences
World	15289447	4265794	4449992	3650321	4523136
USA	3584564	947174	748162	1114412	1216646
UK	1130827	295387	218693	361165	414707
Japan	1057233	356479	337640	299930	282999
Germany	958647	359270	228576	256896	289079
China	993717	387281	512773	150276	111822
France	691,720	259797	169293	195147	202527
Canada	525,931	152647	126049	157029	156137
Italy	510,298	175383	111813	146644	177075
Russia	355,564	226022	124855	61517	12992
Spain	372,277	134814	79518	115910	119485
Australia	337,376	94369	63767	106854	115274
India	322,947	132623	95555	95846	71254
Netherlands	291,134	81681	57578	89803	109515
South Korea	257,034	99594	128990	59970	38057
Sweden	212,529	62704	45654	70380	73474
Switzerland	207,737	72918	41386	61104	68029
Taiwan	192,106	64397	90280	35145	43172
Brazil	194,024	64153	43612	65572	61523
Poland	177,288	84649	48847	45853	41387
Belgium	157,930	49566	34893	48279	55548

Similarities in the research profile of India with other 19 productive countries were determined based on similarities in their global publication share by subject. In this regard, based on strength of their national publications share in the subject as compared to the world average, 20 countries were first categorized into four major groups. The following criteria were used to categorize them as strong, moderately strong, moderately week and weak countries in different broad disciplines:

(i) Strong – Countries having national publication share in the broad subject above the world average by 5% or more;
(ii) Moderately Strong – Countries having national publication share in the broad subject above the world average by 0.1% to 4.99%;
(iii) Moderately Weak – Countries having national publication share in the broad subject below the world average by 0.1% to 4.99%;
(iv) Weak – Countries having national publication share in the broad subject below the world average by 5% or more.

Eleven countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Canada, Australia, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden and Brazil share strong to moderately strong similarities in life sciences and health sciences, but they are weak in engineering sciences. Table 6 shows similarities in their research profiles by subject.

 

 

Table 6: Countries Sharing Strong to Moderately Strong Research Profile in Life Sciences and Health Sciences

Countries	Strong	Moderately Strong	Moderately Weak	Weak
United States	Life Sciences	Health Sciences	Physical Science	Engineering Sciences
Australia, Canada, Sweden & Belgium	Life Sciences	Health Sciences, Physical Sciences		Engineering Sciences
Netherlands	Life Sciences, Health Sciences	Physical Sciences		Engineering Sciences
United Kingdom	Life Sciences, Health Sciences		Physical Science	Engineering Sciences
Brazil, Switzerland	Life Sciences, Physical Sciences	Health Sciences		Engineering Sciences
Italy, Spain	Health Sciences, Physical Sciences	Life Sciences		Engineering Sciences

Four countries such as Japan, Germany, France and Poland share strong to moderately strong similarities in life sciences and physical sciences, but they are weak in engineering sciences. Table 7 shows similarities in their research profiles by subject.

 

 

Table 7: Countries Sharing Strong to Moderately Strong Research Profile in Physical Sciences and Life Sciences

Countries	Strong	Moderately Strong	Moderate Weak	Weak
Germany	Physical Sciences	Life Sciences, Health Sciences		Engineering Sciences
Japan	Physical Sciences	Life Sciences, Engineering Sciences	Health Sciences
France	Physical Sciences	Life Sciences	Health Sciences, Engineering Sciences
Poland	Physical Sciences	Life Sciences	Engineering Sciences	Health Sciences

Five countries such as Russia, China, India, South Korea and Taiwan share strong to moderately strong similarities in physical sciences and engineering sciences, but they are weak in health sciences. Table 8 shows similarities in their research profiles by subject.

 

 

Table 8: Countries Sharing Strong to Moderately Strong Research Profile in Physical Sciences and Engineering Sciences

Countries	Strong	Moderately Strong	Moderate Weak	Weak
China, Taiwan, Russia	Engineering Sciences, Physical Sciences			Life Sciences, Health Sciences
South Korea	Engineering Sciences, Physical Sciences		Life Sciences	Health Sciences
India	Physical Sciences, Life Sciences	Engineering Sciences		Health Sciences

 

Subject Profile of India in Science and Technology

As per publications output data for 1997-2007, India’s research profile by broad disciplines emerges as follows. Physical science subjects together contributed the highest publication share (41.07%), followed by life sciences (29.68%), engineering sciences (29.59%), and health sciences (22.06%) in cumulative national publication output of India during 1997-07 (Table 9).
India’s subject profile is quite different from that of China, South Korea, and Brazil. For example, compared to India, China and South Korea each contributed the highest publication share (51.60% and 50.18%) in engineering, followed by 38.97% and 38.75% in physical sciences, 15.12% and 23.33% in life sciences , and 11.25% and 14.81% in health sciences during similar period. In contrast, Brazil emphasis equally (33.80%, 33.06% and 31.71% ) in life sciences, physical sciences and health sciences and 22.48% in engineering sciences  (Table 9).

 

Table 9: National Cumulative Publication Share of Select Developing Countries by Broad Disciplines, 1997-2007

Country	Health Sciences	Life Sciences	Physical Sciences	Engineering Sciences
India (%)	22.06	29.68	41.07	29.59
China (%)	11.25	15.12	38.97	51.60
South Korea (%)	14.81	23.33	38.75	50.18
Brazil (%)	31.71	33.80	33.06	22.48

 

High Productivity Subject Areas of Research in India

Medicine, chemistry, physics, agricultural & biological sciences, engineering, biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology and materials science are considered the high priority areas of India in S&T, each contributing publication share between 12.0% and 19.15% in the cumulative national publication output of the country during 1997-2007. Among these subjects, medicine registered the largest increase by 3.68% (from 16.57% to 20.25%), followed by 2.63% (from 12.77% to 14.31%) in biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology, 1.03% (from 12.75% to 13.78%) in engineering and 0.93% (from 11.51% to 12.44%) in materials science from 1997-99 to 2005-07. In contrast, its national publication share declined by 2.37% (from 14.55% to 12.18%) in agricultural & biological sciences and 0.87% (from 15.10% to 14.23%) in physics during the same period (Table 10).

 

Table 10: Most Productive Subject Areas – National Publication Statistics

Subject	Research Output			Publication Share (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	Difference
Medicine	61849	10868	24613	19.15	16.57	20.25	3.68
Chemistry	51558	10343	19151	15.96	15.77	15.76	-0.01
Physics	45931	9904	17287	14.22	15.10	14.23	-0.87
Agricultural & Biological Sciences	43044	9542	14796	13.33	14.55	12.18	-2.37
Engineering	42376	8364	16741	13.12	12.75	13.78	1.03
Biochemistry	41249	7663	17395	12.77	11.68	14.31	2.63
Materials Science	38748	7551	15111	12.00	11.51	12.44	0.93

 

Table 11: Select Developing Countries Share in National Output in Most Productive Subject Categories

Subjects	Percentage Share of National Output, 1997-2007
	India	China	Brazil	South Korea
Medicine	19.15	11.05	27.26	13.83
Chemistry	15.96	10.98	9.07	10.95
Physics	14.22	15.71	14.98	19.06
Agricultural & Biological Sciences	13.33	4.69	15.31	4.57
Engineering	13.12	29.86	10.02	25.41
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology	12.77	8.74	13.92	15.91
Materials Sciences	12.00	14.63	7.19	16.58

 

Comparative Publications Share of Developing Countries:   In comparison to India, China contributed larger share in engineering, physics and materials science (29.86%, 15.71% and 14.63%) and so also South Korea (25.41%, 19.06% and 16.58%). India’s national publications share in these subjects were (13.12%, 14.22% and 12.0%) and Brazil (10.02%, 14.98% and 7.19%) in its cumulative national publication output during 1997-07 (Table 11). In contrast, comparatively larger publication share was devoted to medicine, chemistry and agricultural & biological sciences by Brazil (27.26%, 9.07% and 15.31%) and India (19.15%, 15.96% and 13.33%) compared to China (11.05%, 10.98% and 4.69%) and South Korea (13.83%, 10.95% and 4.57%) in cumulative national publication output during 1997-07. Larger national publication share in biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology was devoted by South Korea (15.91%) and Brazil (13.92%) as against India (12.77%) and China (8.74%) during 1997-07 (Table 11).

Share of International Collaborative Publications by Subject: The share of international collaborative publications in cumulative national subject publication output in India in most productive subject areas during 1997-07 was highest in physics (27.84%), followed by biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (19.51%), materials science (17.29%), engineering (14.38%), chemistry (13.75%), agricultural & biological sciences (11.87%) and medicine (11.14%). India witnessed increase in its share of international collaborative publications by 5.30% (from 13.59% to 18.89%) in its publications output in materials science from 1997-99 to 2005-07, followed by 4.31% (from 8.97% to 13.28%) in medicine, 3.44% (from 10.46% to 13.90%) in agricultural & biological sciences, 2.28% (from 13.09% to 15.23%) in biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology, 2.14% (from 13.09% to 15.23%) in chemistry, 1.40% (from 27.28% to 28.68%) in physics and 1.12% (from 16.21% to 17.33%) in engineering (Table 12).

 

Table 12: Most Productive Subject Areas- International Collaboration Share

Subject	International Collaborative Research Output			International Collaborative Research Output (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	Difference 1997-99 to 2005-07
Medicine	6890	975	3268	11.14	8.97	13.28	4.31
Chemistry	7091	1354	2917	13.75	13.09	15.23	2.14
Physics	12789	2702	4958	27.84	27.28	28.68	1.40
Agricultural & Biological Sciences	5108	998	2057	11.87	10.46	13.90	3.44
Engineering	6092	1356	2901	14.38	16.21	17.33	1.12
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology	8049	1546	3906	19.51	20.17	22.45	2.28
Materials Sciences	6699	1026	2854	17.29	13.59	18.89	5.30

 

Comparative Global Publications Share by Subject:   The global publication share of India, China, Brazil, and South Korea in most productive subject areas during 1997-2007 was differing. It was 4.57% in chemistry in India, compared to 9.67% by China, 1.56% by Brazil and 2.49% by South Korea. In agricultural & biological sciences, it was 4.05% by India compared to 4.38% by China, 2.80% by Brazil and 1.10% by South Korea. In materials science, it was 3.41% by India compared to 12.80% by China, 1.23% by Brazil and 3.75% by South Korea. In physics, it was 2.73% by India compared to 9.28% by China, 1.73% by Brazil and 2.91% by South Korea. In biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology, it was 2.11% by India compared to 4.43% by China, 1.38% by Brazil and 2.09% by South Korea. In engineering, it was 1.69% by India compared to 11.86% by China, 0.78% by Brazil and 2.61% by South Korea. In medicine, it was 1.48% by India compared to 2.62% by China, 1.26% by Brazil and 0.85% by South Korea (Table 13).

India’s global publication share has increased by 1.89% (from 3.73% to 5.62%) in chemistry, followed by 1.24% (from 1.62% to 2.86%) in biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology, 1.17% (from 3.10% to 4.27%) in materials science, 0.78% (from 3.60% to 4.38%) in agricultural & biological sciences, 0.71% (from 2.61% to 3.32%) in physics, 0.75% (from 1.01% to 1.76% ) in medicine and  0.32% (from 1.71% to 2.03%) in engineering from the year 1997 to the year 2007 (Table 13).

 

Table 13: Most Productive Subject Areas- Global Publication Share of India, China and Brazil

Subject	India			China
	1997	2007	1997-07	1997	2007	1997-07
Medicine	1.01	1.76	1.48	0.72	4.39	2.62
Chemistry	3.73	5.62	4.57	5.22	14.55	9.67
Physics	2.61	3.32	2.73	5.17	16.16	9.28
Agricultural & Biological Sciences	3.60	4.38	4.05	1.44	8.18	4.38
Engineering	1.71	2.03	1.69	5.18	22.57	11.86
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology	1.62	2.86	2.11	1.57	9.33	4.43
Materials Sciences	3.10	4.27	3.41	7.09	21.42	12.80

 

Subject	Brazil			South Korea
	1997	2007	1997-07	1997	2007	1997-07
Medicine	0.81	1.71	1.26	0.42	1.28	0.85
Chemistry	1.16	1.92	1.56	1.75	3.17	2.49
Physics	1.54	1.79	1.73	1.76	3.64	2.91
Agricultural & Biological Sciences	1.95	3.76	2.80	0.57	1.71	1.10
Engineering	0.70	0.78	0.78	1.99	2.88	2.61
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology	0.85	1.76	1.38	1.15	2.76	2.09
Materials Sciences	0.85	1.27	1.23	2.55	5.51	3.75

 

Medium Productivity Subject Areas of Research in India

Earth & planetary sciences, environmental sciences, pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics, chemical engineering, mathematics, immunology & microbiology, veterinary sciences and computer science are the medium productive subjective areas of Indian research, each contributing between 2.65% to 6.36% share in the cumulative publication output by India during 1997-2007. The national publication share of India witnessed increase in some of these subjects from 1997-99 to 2005-07: 1.34% (from 3.09% to 4.43%) in computer science, 0.72% (from 3.42% to 4.14%) in immunology & microbiology, 0.53% (from 6.11% to 6.64%) in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics, 0.50% (from 5.93% to 6.43%) in environmental science and 0.23% (from 5.87% to 6.10%) in chemical engineering. The decline in the national publications share was witnessed by 1.33% (from 5.71% to 4.38%) in earth & planetary sciences, 1.0% in veterinary science and 0.15% (from 4.37% to 4.22%) in mathematics from 1997-99 to 2005-07 (Table 14).

Share of International Collaborative Publications by Subject: The share of international collaborative publications in India’s cumulative publication output in medium productive subjective areas during 1997-07 was highest in mathematics (27.66%), followed by computer science (23.7%), earth & planetary science (22.24%), immunology & microbiology (19.36%), chemical engineering (13.73%), environmental sciences (10.8%), pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics (9.10%) and veterinary science (4.0%). India has witnessed significant rise in international collaborative research output over time (1997-99 to 2005-07) by 6.05% (from 18.97% to 25.02%) in earth & planetary sciences, 3.29% (from 9.84% to 13.14%) in environmental sciences, 2.98% (from 11.90% to 14.88%) in chemical engineering, 2.68% (from 25.86% to 28.18%) in pharmaceutics, toxicology & pharmaceutics, 2.51% (from 25.86% to 28.18%) in mathematics, as against decrease by 10.1% (from 31.07% to 20.96%) in computer science and 0.26% (from 20.04% to 19.77%) in immunology & microbiology (Table 16).  

Comparative Global Publications Share by Subject:   India’s global publication share in medium productive subject areas of research during 1997-07 was: (i) 5.36% in India, compared to 0.86% in China, 3.17% in Brazil, and 0.81% in South Korea in veterinary science; (ii) 3.39% in India, compared to 4.50% in China, 1.47% in Brazil, and 1.88% in South Korea in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics; (iii) 3.32% in India, compared to 5.12% in China, 1.27% in Brazil, and 1.08% in South Korea in environmental sciences; (iv) 2.77% in India, compared to 9.55% in China, 1.13% in Brazil, and 2.69% in South Korea in chemical engineering; (v) 2.31% in India, compared to 9.57% in China, 1.92% in Brazil, and 2.93% in South Korea  in mathematics; (vi) 2.27% in India, compared to 9.11% in China, 1.18% in Brazil and 0.85% in South Korea in earth & planetary sciences;  (vii) 2.22% in India, compared to 2.25% in China, 2.25% in Brazil and 2.08% in South Korea in immunology & microbiology; and (viii) 1.49% in India, compared to 10.31% in China and 0.99% in Brazil and 3.45% in South Korea in computer science (Table 17).
India’s global publication share has increased by 2.47% (from 2.62% to 5.09%) in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics, 1.74% (from 1.55% to 3.29%) in immunology & microbiology, 1.25% (from 2.67% to 3.92%) in environmental science, 0.75% (from 3.23% to 3.98%) in chemical engineering, and 0.24% (from 1.66% to 1.90%) in computer science, and against decreased by 0.13% (from 5.41% to 5.28%) in veterinary science from the year 1997 to 2007 (Table 17).

Comparative Publications Share of Developing Countries: India accounts for highest publication share (6.37%, 6.25% and 2.65%) among select four developing countries in environmental sciences, pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics and veterinary sciences. In contrast, earth & planetary sciences and immunology & microbiology account for second highest, chemical engineering the third highest, and other subjects namely mathematics and computer science the lowest publication share among the four developing countries during 1997-07. China accounts for highest national publication share(6.30%) only in earth & planetary sciences, second highest (6.55% and 7.87%)  in computer science and chemical engineering, third highest (3.19% and 5.70%) in environmental sciences and mathematics, and lowest (2.69%, 1.26% and 0.14%) in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics, immunology & microbiology, and veterinary sciences during 1997-07 among the select four Asian countries.. 

In comparison, Brazil devoted highest national publication share to  immunology & microbiology (6.48%), second highest (4.05%, 4.50%, 5.86% and 2.61%) to environmental sciences, pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics, mathematics and veterinary sciences, third highest (4.17%  and 3.86%) to earth & planetary sciences and computer science, and lowest to(3.98%) to chemical engineering during 1997-07 among the select four developing countries. South Korea accounts for highest national publication share (7.14%, 6.75% and 10.17%) in chemical engineering, mathematics and computer science, second highest (4.51%) to immunology & microbiology, third highest (4.35% and 0.50%) in pharmacology, toxicology & pharmaceutics, and veterinary sciences, and lowest (2.28% and 2.61%) in earth & planetary sciences and environmental sciences during 1997-07 among select four Asian countries (Table 15).

 

Table 14: Medium Productivity Subject Areas – National Publication Statistics

Subjects	Research Output			Publication Share (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07
Earth & Planetary Science	15588	3748	5323	4.83	5.71	4.38
Environmental Science	20556	3891	7811	6.36	5.93	6.43
Pharmacology	20177	4009	8067	6.25	6.11	6.64
Chemical Engineering	18869	3850	7415	5.84	5.87	6.10
Mathematics	13683	2869	5132	4.24	4.37	4.22
Immunology & Microbiology	12048	2241	5027	3.73	3.42	4.14
Computer Science	11270	2028	5381	3.49	3.09	4.43
Veterinary Science	8558	2065	2615	2.65	3.15	2.15

 

 

Table 15: Select Developing Countries Publication Share in National Output in Medium Productive Subject Categories

Subjects	Percentage Share of National Publication Output, 1997-2007
	India	China	Brazil	South Korea
Earth & Planetary Science	4.83	6.30	4.17	2.28
Environmental Science	6.37	3.19	4.05	2.61
Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmaceutics	6.25	2.69	4.50	4.35
Chemical Engineering	5.84	6.55	3.98	7.14
Mathematics	4.24	5.70	5.86	6.75
Immunology & Microbiology	3.73	1.26	6.48	4.51
Computer Science	3.49	7.87	3.86	10.17
Veterinary Science	2.65	0.14	2.61	0.50

 

 

Table 16: Medium Productive Subject Areas- International Collaboration statistics

Subjects	International Collaborative Research Output			International Collaborative Research Output (%)
	97-07	97-99	05-07	97-07	97-99	05-07	Difference 97-99 to 05-07
Earth & Planetary Science	3466	711	1332	22.24	18.97	25.02	6.05
Environmental Science	2220	383	1026	10.80	9.84	13.14	3.29
Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmaceutics	1836	304	828	9.10	7.58	10.26	2.68
Chemical Engineering	2590	458	1103	13.73	11.90	14.88	2.98
Mathematics	3785	742	1446	27.66	25.86	28.18	2.31
Immunology & Microbiology	2332	449	994	19.36	20.04	19.77	-0.26
Computer Science	2671	630	1128	23.70	31.07	20.96	-10.10
Veterinary Science	342	58	139	4.00	2.81	5.32	2.51

 

 

Table 17: Medium Productivity Subject Areas- Global Publication Share of India, China and Brazil

Subjects	Global Publication Share (%)
	India			China
	1997	2007	1997-07	1997	2007	1997-07
Earth & Planetary Science	2.42	2.47	2.27	3.04	16.21	9.11
Environmental Science	2.67	3.92	3.32	1.94	9.69	5.12
Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmaceutics	2.62	5.09	3.39	2.09	8.01	4.50
Chemical Engineering	3.23	3.98	2.77	5.33	19.20	9.55
Mathematics	2.67	2.18	2.31	4.36	16.29	9.57
Immunology & Microbiology	1.55	3.29	2.22	0.77	5.31	2.25
Computer Science	1.66	1.90	1.49	2.56	18.29	10.31
Veterinary Science	5.41	5.28	5.36	0.37	2.18	0.86

 

Subjects	Global Publication Share (%)
	Brazil			South Korea
	1997	2007	1997-07	1997	2007	1997-07
Earth & Planetary Science	1.05	1.31	1.18	0.49	1.18	0.85
Environmental Science	0.87	1.73	1.27	0.59	1.41	1.08
Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmaceutics	1.00	2.18	1.47	1.24	2.39	1.88
Chemical Engineering	1.02	1.47	1.13	1.83	3.96	2.69
Mathematics	1.61	1.67	1.92	1.62	3.47	2.93
Immunology & Microbiology	1.44	3.01	2.25	1.19	2.95	2.08
Computer Science	0.76	1.03	0.99	2.54	3.57	3.45
Veterinary Science	2.61	4.25	3.17	0.31	1.93	0.81

 

Low Productivity Subject Areas of Research in India

Energy and neurology are the two low productive subject areas contributing publications share between 1.33% and 1.84% in cumulative publication output by India during 1997-07. The national publication share in India witnessed an increase by 0.15% (from 1.20% to 1.35%) in neurology and decrease by 0.22% (from 2.09% to 1.87%) in energy from 1997-99 to 2005-07 (Table 18).

Comparative Publications Share of Developing Countries: Neurology has contributed large share in Brazil (3.73%) and South Korea (1.87%) compared to India (1.33%) and China (0.72%) during 1997-07. In contrast, energy contributed larger share in South Korea (1.88%) and China (3.29%), compared to India (1.84%) and Brazil (1.39%) during 1997-07 (Table 19).

Share of International Collaborative Publications by Subject: The share of international collaborative publications in India’s cumulative national publications output in these low productive subject areas during 1997-07 was 16.34% in neurology and 16.27% in energy. India has witnessed a significant rise in international collaborative publications of 6.29% (from 12.98% to 19.27%) in neurology as against decrease of 1.08% (from 15.88% to 14.79%) in energy from 1997-99 to 2005-07 (Table 20).

Comparative Global Publications Share by Subject:  India’s global publication share in these two subject areas are : (i) 0.91% in India compared to 13.91% in China, 13.99% in Brazil and 9.30% in South Korea in neurology and (ii) 2.02% in India, compared to 11.1% in China, 0.92% in Brazil and 1.64% in South Korea in energy. India’s global publication share has increased by 0.92% (from 0.61% to 1.53%) in neurology and decreased by 0.34% (from 2.92% to 2.58%) in energy from the year 1997 to 2007 (Table 21).

 

Table 18: Low Productivity Subject Areas – National Publication Statistics

Subjects	Research Output			Publication Share (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07
Neurology	4285	786	1635	1.33	1.20	1.35
Energy	5938	1373	2278	1.84	2.09	1.87

 

 

Table 19: Select Developing Countries Share in National Output in Low Productive Subject Categories

Subjects	Percentage Share of National Output, 1997-2007
	India	China	Brazil	South Korea
Neurology	1.33	0.72	3.73	1.87
Energy	1.84	3.29	1.39	1.88

 

 

Table 20: Low Productive Subject Areas- International Collaboration Statistics

Subjects	International Collaborative Research Output			International Collaborative Research Output (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	Difference 97-99 to 05-07
Neurology	700	102	315	16.34	12.98	19.27	6.29
Energy	966	218	337	16.27	15.88	14.79	-1.08

 

 

Table 21: Medium Productivity Subject Areas - Global Publication Share of India, China, Brazil and South Korea

Subjects	Global Publication Share (%)
	India			China			Brazil			South Korea
	1997	2007	97-07	1997	2007	97-07	1997	2007	97-07	1997	2007	97-07
Neurology	0.61	1.53	0.91	0.67	3.51	13.91	0.86	2.63	13.99	0.36	1.96	9.30
Energy	2.92	2.58	2.02	6.26	20.34	11.10	0.75	1.02	0.92	1.34	2.09	1.64

 

Least Productive Subject Areas in India

Public health nursing and dentistry are the least productive Indian subject area contributing each less than 1% publication share in cumulative publication output during 1997-07. India’s publication share has increased by 0.35% (from 0.21% to 0.56%) in dentistry, 0.23% (from 0.40% to 0.63) in public health and by 0.20%(from 0.09% to 0.29%) in nursing from 1997-99 to 2005-07 (Table 22).

Comparative Publications Share of Developing Countries:Nursing and public health contributed comparative largest share in South Korea (1.05% and 2.02%) and India (0.30% and 73%) as against china (0.55% and 0.65%) and Brazil (0.44% and 0.56%) during 1997-07. In contrast, dentistry find largest share in Brazil (5.19%) and India (1.36%) compared to South Korea (1.06%) and China (0.92%) during 1997-07 (Table 23).

Share of International Collaborative Publications by Subject: The share of international collaborative publications in India’s cumulative national publication output in three least productive subject areas during 1997-07 was highest in nursing (25.04%), followed by  public health (16.67%) and dentistry (6.54%). The India’s international collaborative publications share has increased by 5.53% (from 13.69% to 19.22%) in public health and by 2.98% (from 23.73% to 26.70%) in nursing, as against decrease by 6.96% (from 12.50% to 5.54%) in dentistry from 1997-99 to 2005-07 (Table 24).

Comparative Global Publications Share by Subject:   India’s global publication share in least productive subject areas of research during 1997-07 was: (i) 0.73% in India, compared to 0.65% in China, 0.56% in Brazil, and 1.42% in South Korea in public health; (ii) 1.36% in India, compared to 0.92% in China, 5.19% in Brazil and 1.06% in South Korea in dentistry and (iii) 0.30% in India, compared to 0.55% in China, 0.44% in Brazil and 0.38% in South Korea in nursing (Table 25).

 

Table 22: Least Productivity Subject Areas – National Publication Statistics

Subjects	Research Output			Publication Share (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07
Public Health	1752	263	765	0.54	0.40	0.63
Dentistry	1132	136	686	0.35	0.21	0.56
Nursing	607	59	352	0.19	0.09	0.29

 

 

Table 23: Select Developing Countries Share in National Output in Least Productive Subject Categories

Subjects	Percentage Share of National Output, 1997-2007
	India	China	Brazil	South Korea
Public Health	0.54	0.16	0.70	1.33
Dentistry	0.35	0.08	2.23	0.34
Nursing	0.19	0.11	0.46	0.29

 

 

Table 24: Least Productive Subject Areas - International Collaboration Statistics

Subjects	International Collaborative Research Output			International Collaborative Research Output (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	Difference 97-99 to 05-07
Public Health	292	36	147	16.67	13.69	19.22	5.53
Dentistry	74	17	38	6.54	12.50	5.54	-6.96
Nursing	152	14	94	25.04	23.73	26.70	2.98

 

 

Table 25: Least Productivity Subject Areas- Global Publication Share  of India, China and Brazil

Subjects	India			China			Brazil			South Korea
	1997	2007	97-07	1997	2007	97-07	1997	2007	97-07	1997	2007	97-07
Public Health	0.45	1.07	0.73	0.24	1.14	0.65	0.20	1.16	0.56	0.71	2.02	1.42
Dentistry	0.82	2.66	1.36	0.48	1.86	0.92	1.25	9.11	5.19	0.23	1.51	1.06
Nursing	0.11	0.48	0.30	0.14	1.39	0.55	0.08	1.09	0.44	0.05	1.05	0.38

 

India’s Research Output by Geographical Regions

High Productivity States:  Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Delhi, Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are the top 8 high productivity states in terms of publications output and share. Together these eight states accounted for approximately 89% of the India’s total cumulated publications output during 1997-2007.  Individually, their publication’s share ranged from 3.6% to 16.3% in India’s total cumulative publication output. Karnataka’s contribution by way of national publications share increased by 2.08% from 1997-99 to 2005-07. Tamil Nadu witnessed increase by 1.45%, Andhra Pradesh by 0.41%, Delhi by 0.40% and Kerala by .31% during similar period. Uttar Pradesh witnessed decline in its national publications share by 0.14%, followed by West Bengal (0.13%) and Maharashtra (0.10%). In terms of publication growth rate from 1997-99 to 2004-06, the highest (119.65%) was achieved by Karnataka, followed by Tamil Nadu (102.09%), Kerala (101.70%), Andhra Pradesh (95.96%), Delhi (90.83%), West Bengal (82.97%), Uttar Pradesh (82.90%) and Maharashtra (73.05%) (Table 26).

Medium Productivity States:  Gujarat, Chandigarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Punjab are the seven medium productivity states. Together these states accounted for approximately 22.78% of the India’s total cumulated publications output during 1997-2007. Their individual publication’s share ranged from 2.32% to 3.47% in India’s total publications output. Chandigarh’s contribution by way of national publications share increased by 0.60% from 1966-98 to 2004-06.   Uttarkhand showed 0.46% increase, Kerala by 0.22%, and Rajasthan by 0.20%. Punjab showed decline in its national publications share by 0.26%, followed by Haryana (0.20%), Madhya Pradesh (0.18%), and Gujarat (0.09%). In terms of publication growth rate from 1996-98 to 2004-06, the highest (113.11%) was achieved by Chandigarh, followed by Punjab (112.67%), Haryana (109.02%), Rajasthan (85.96%), Kerala (82.44%), Gujarat (67.15%), Madhya Pradesh (59.22%), and Haryana (58.57%) (Table 26).

Low Productivity States:    Orissa, Assam, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh are the five low productivity states and together they accounted for approximately 5.66% of the India’s total cumulated publications output during 1997-2007. Their publication’s share ranged from 0.96% to 1.37% in India’s total research output. Assam’s contribution by way of national publications share increased by 0.30% from 1997-99 to 2005-07. Jharkhand witnessed (0.24%) increase and J&K (0.15%). Himachal Pradesh witnessed decline of 0.11% and Orissa witnessed decline of 0.31%. In terms of publication growth rate from 1997-99 to 2005-07, the highest (129.90%) was achieved by Jharkhand , followed by Assam (129.01%), followed by J & K (114.07%), Himachal Pradesh (66.30%), and Orissa (42.43%) (Table 26).

 

Table 26: Geographical Distribution of Indian Research Output

State Name	Publications Outputs			Publications Outputs (%)
	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07	1997-07	1997-99	2005-07
High productivity States in Science and Technology
Tamil Nadu	52650	10452	21122	16.30	15.93	17.38
Maharashtra	48066	9982	17274	14.88	15.22	14.22
Delhi	43560	8661	16528	13.49	13.20	13.60
Karnataka	39889	7358	16162	12.35	11.22	13.30
West Bengal	35381	7402	13544	10.96	11.28	11.15
Uttar Pradesh	34221	7235	13233	10.60	11.03	10.89
Andhra Pradesh	23529	4727	9263	7.29	7.21	7.62
Kerala	11619	2293	4625	3.60	3.50	3.81
Medium productivity States in Science and Technology
Gujarat	10837	2274	4082	3.36	3.47	3.36
Punjab	10290	1833	4319	3.19	2.79	3.55
Chandigarh	9452	1790	3635	2.93	2.73	2.99
Rajasthan	9204	1736	3541	2.85	2.65	2.91
Madhya Pradesh	9167	1999	3520	2.84	3.05	2.90
Uttarakhand	7896	1422	3371	2.44	2.17	2.77
Haryana	7548	1562	2842	2.34	2.38	2.34
Low productivity States in Science and Technology
Assam	4423	810	1855	1.37	1.23	1.53
Orissa	3755	872	1242	1.16	1.33	1.02
Jharkhand	3529	632	1453	1.09	0.96	1.20
Jammu and Kashmir	3466	661	1415	1.07	1.01	1.16
Himachal Pradesh	3141	718	1194	0.97	1.09	0.98
Least productivity States in Science and Technology
Chhattisgarh	3017	614	1222	0.93	0.94	1.01
Pondicherry	2571	401	1010	0.80	0.61	0.83
Bihar	2051	582	525	0.64	0.89	0.43
Goa	1646	335	712	0.51	0.51	0.59
Meghalaya	1176	301	402	0.36	0.46	0.33
Manipur	678	102	338	0.21	0.16	0.28
Arunachal Pradesh	525	108	210	0.16	0.16	0.17
Tripura	241	60	102	0.07	0.09	0.08
Sikkim	217	33	114	0.07	0.05	0.09
Nagaland	188	9	99	0.06	0.01	0.08
Mizoram	134	9	69	0.04	0.01	0.06
Andaman and Nicobar	133	18	60	0.04	0.03	0.05
Lakshadweep	5	2	2	0.00	0.00	0.00
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	3	1	2	0.00	0.00	0.00
Daman and Diu	2	0	2	0.00	0.00	0.00
Total	322958	65602	121519	322958	65602	121519

 

S&T Funding Agencies of India & Their Impact

Bulk of R&D research in India is state funded and controlled through various funding agencies. Funding for research is regulated by these agencies as per mandate assigned to each by the government of India. The list of funding agencies is shown in Table 27.

MHRD-IITs lead in publications productivity in science and technology. Compared to other funding agencies, their publications output was the highest (36501 papers in 11 years) as seen from publications output data for India for 1997-07. This is followed by CSIR (26976 papers), DAE (17524), MHFW (13271), DST (11276), ICAR (8430), DRDO (4763), ICMR (4375), DOS (2796), and DBT (1726).
In terms of publications impact as measured through citations per papers, DBT leads the list of funding agencies with 4.09 citations per paper on an average, followed by DAE (3.64), and others as shown in Table 27.

 

Table 27: Impact of National Funding Agencies in India on R&D Research, 1997-07

Funding Agencies	1997-01			2002-07			1997-07
	Papers	Citations	ACPP	Papers	Citations	ACPP	Papers	Citations	ACPP
Department of Biotechnology (DBT)	608	2214	3.64	928	4848	5.22	1726	7062	4.09
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)	6277	26874	4.28	9072	36955	4.07	17524	63829	3.64
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	8904	27401	3.08	13987	59871	4.28	26976	87272	3.24
Department of Science and Technology (DST)	3916	13356	3.41	5752	22714	3.95	11376	36070	3.17
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)	1445	4609	3.19	2344	11593	4.95	4375	16202	2.8
Department of Space (DOS)	1169	3483	2.98	1497	3729	2.49	2976	7212	2.42
Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO)	1575	2866	1.82	2562	6311	2.46	4763	11102	2.33
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MHFW)	4520	10023	2.22	6915	19616	2.84	13271	29639	2.23
Ministry of Human Resource Development-Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)	11449	27952	2.44	19317	52153	2.7	36501	80105	2.19
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)	2930	2959	1.01	4240	6473	1.53	8430	9432	1.12

Note: Three Years, Two Years and One Year citation window has been used for papers published for 1997-04, 2005, and 2006  respectively (ACPP – Average Citations per Paper)

 

High Productivity S&T Institutions in India

Based on publications output data for India in science and technology for 1997-2007, a total of 36 institutions were identified as high productive ones publishing more than 800 papers in the country. Category wise these include:

(i)  Nine institutes of national importance (Indian Institute of Science (IISc-BANG), Indian Statistical Institute (ISI-KOLK), All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS-DELH), Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Chennai , Bombay, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Roorkee (IIT-DELH, IIT-MADR, IIT-BOMB, IIT-KANP, IIT-KHAR and IIT-ROOR),

(ii) Ten research institutes (Bhabha Atomic Research Institute, Mumbai (BARC-MUMB), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai (TIFR-MUMB), Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad (IICT-HYDE), National Chemical Laboratory, Pune (NCL-PUNE), Indian Association of Cultivation Science, Kolkata (IACS-KOLK), Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata (SINP-KOLK), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi (IARI-DELH),  Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (CDRI-LUCK), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar  and National Physics Laboratory, Delhi (NPL-DELH)) and

(iii) Seventeen universities (University of Delhi, Delhi (DU), Calcutta University, Kolkata (CALCUNIV), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (BHUVARA), Hyderabad University, Hyderabad (HYDEUNIV), Jadavpur University, Kolkata (JADAUNIV), Madras University, Chennai (MADRUNIV), Anna University, Chennai (ANNAUNIV), Panjab University, Chandigarh (PANJUNIV), University of Pune,  Pune (PUNEUNIV), University of Bombay, Mumbai (BOMBUNIV), Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi (JNU-DELH), Rajasthan University, Jaipur (RAJAUNIV), Osmania University, Hyderabad (OSMAUNIV), Mysore University , Mysore (MYSOUNIV), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (PAU-LUDH), Bangalore University, Bangalore (BANGUNIV) and Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh (ALIGUNIV)

These top 36 institutions together contributed 45.98% papers to the total cumulative research output by India during 1997-2007. These institutions individually published between 881 and 12856 papers in 11 years, with an average output of 4243 papers per institution.  Of these, 13 institutions each contributed publications output above the 36-institutions average (4243 papers per institution) during 1997-2007. The publication share of these 36 institutions to the total output by India showed decline over time from 46.19% in 1997-01 to 45.85% in 2002-06 (Table 28).

These 36 institutions witnessed average growth in their publications output over time (1997-01 to 2002-07) by 48.52%. Of these, 17 institutions showed growth rate higher than the 36-institutions-average. These are: JNCASR-BANG with a growth rate of 155.33% from 1997-2001 to 2002-2007, followed by IICT-HYDE (90.39%), ALIGUNIV (88.62%), IIT-MUMB (86.77%), RAJAUNIV (85.10%), ANNAUNIV (81.54%), IIT-ROOR (77.63%), IIT-DELH (76.83%), CDRI-LUCK (65.68%), PANJUNIV (65.02%), IIT-KANP (58.62%), PUNEUNIV (57.32%), BOMBUNIV (55.42%), JADAUNIV (54.94%), IIT-KHAR (53.88%), AIIMS-DELH (52.87%), and IARI-DELH (52.09%) (Table 28).

The average h-index of these 36 institutions during 1997-07 was 43.69.  Of these, 20 institutions showed h-index higher than the 36-instituions average. These are: IISc-BANG with h-index of 82, followed by TIFR-MUMB (76), IIT-KANP (59), NCL-PUNE (59), DU (57), ISI-KOLK (56), HYDEUNIV (55), IIT-DELH (52), IIT-MADR (51), IIT-BOMB (51), PANJUNIV (51), AIIMS-DELH (50), IIT-KHAR (50), BARC-MUMB (50), IICT-HYDE (50), CALCUNIV (49), PUNEUNIV (47), IACS-KOLK (46), JADAUNIV (45), BHUVARA (44) .(Table 28).

The average citation per paper recorded by these institutions during 1997-07 was 2.64. Of these, 12 institutions showed citations performance above 36- institutions citations average. These are: TIFR-MUMB, with 6.43 citations per paper, followed by NCL-PUNE (4.77), IICT-HYDE (4.43), PANJUNIV (3.99), IACS-KOLK (3.74), PUNEUNIV (3.52), IISC-BANG (3.43), IIT-KANP (3.04), BARC-MUMB (2.87), ISI-KOLK (2.87), JAWAUNIV (2.66), and DELHUNIV (2.51). These institutions witnessed rise/decline in their average citation rate over time from 1997-2001 to 2002-06 (Table 29).

The average share of the international collaborative papers of these 36 institutions during 1997-07 was 18.28 %. Only 15 out of 36 institutions have shown higher share of international collaboration papers than the average share of 35 institutions. TIFR-MUMB recorded 45.01% share of international collaborative papers, followed by PUNEUNIV (27.39), SINP-KOLK (26.75), PANJUNIV (26.63), IACS-KOLK (24.14), ISI-KOLK (23.57), MYSOUNIV (23.28), IIT-KANP (22.85), IIT-MUMB (22.27), IISC-BANG (21.64), ANNAUNIV (21.43), MADRUNIV (20.54), NPL-DELH (19.33), DU-DELH (18.69), IIT-CHEN (18.31). These institutions witnessed rise/decline in their share of international collaborative papers  from 1997-2001 to 2002-07 (Table 30).

 

 

Table 28: Top 36 Productive Institutions in S&T in India, 1997-2007

Affiliation	1997-2007				Total Papers
	TP	TC	ACPP	h-index	1997 - 2001	2002 - 2007	Growth rate from 97 - 01 to 02 - 07
Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore	12856	44081	3.43	82	4542	6676	46.98
Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi	4993	9985	2	44	2141	2192	2.38
University of Delhi (DU), Delhi	9664	24237	2.51	57	3208	5054	57.54
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi	7893	19014	2.41	50	2701	4129	52.87
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi	7604	15898	2.09	52	2344	4145	76.83
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai	6799	17154	2.52	51	2003	3741	43.35
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai	6678	12986	1.94	51	2322	3338	53.88
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur	6565	15157	2.31	50	2190	3370	86.77
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai	6059	17385	2.87	50	2217	3178	43.76
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur	5996	18246	3.04	59	1989	3155	58.62
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  (TIFR), Mumbai	4954	31870	6.43	76	2011	2407	19.69
University of Hyderabad (UOHYD), Hyderabad	4716	14160	3	55	1702	2356	38.43
Jadavpur University (JU), Kolkata	4492	10541	2.35	45	1507	2335	46.72
Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata	4158	11923	2.87	56	1464	2148	65.02
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad	4013	17775	4.43	50	1166	2220	12.88
National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune	3987	19023	4.77	59	1489	2023	90.39
University of Madras (UNOM), Chennai	3715	8125	2.19	38	1537	1735	35.86
Anna University, Chennai	3429	6626	1.93	34	1024	1859	81.54
Indian Association for Cultivation of Science (IACS),Kolkata	3095	11590	3.74	46	1186	1493	25.89
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),  Roorkee	3091	6386	2.07	18	912	1620	57.32
University of  Pune (UoP), Pune	2870	10103	3.52	47	949	1493	88.62
Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh	2760	11004	3.99	51	889	1467	77.63
Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh	2387	4090	1.71	32	703	1326	52.28
University of Mumbai (MU), Mumbai	2331	5389	2.31	36	803	1248	55.42
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP),Kolkata	2030	6080	3	37	818	959	98.92
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi	2013	5363	2.66	36	779	1022	65.68
Rajasthan University, Jaipur	1938	4753	2.45	29	584	1081	31.19
Indian Agricultural Research Institute  (IARI), Delhi	1928	3193	1.66	29	679	1034	31.95
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow	1712	4255	2.49	30	542	898	120
National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Delhi	1661	3603	2.17	29	649	774	85.1
Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar	1645	1574	0.96	17	717	711	-0.84
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh	865	1495	1.73	20	207	527	54.94
Andhra University, Hyderabad	1462	2084	1.43	23	554	731	17.24
Karnataka University, Dharwad	1297	2968	2.29	31	372	740	19.26
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam	919	1126	1.23	18	197	503	154.59
Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore	824	3607	4.38	34	185	407	155.33

 

 

Table 29: Citations Profile of Top Productions Institutions in S&T in India, 1997-2007

Affiliation	1997-01			2002-07			1997-07
	Papers	Citation	ACPP	Papers	Citation	ACPP	Papers	Citation	ACPP
Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore	4542	18832	4.15	6676	25249	3.78	12856	44081	3.43
University of Delhi (DU), Delhi	3208	8338	2.60	5054	15899	3.15	9664	24237	2.51
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),Delhi	2701	6265	2.32	4129	12749	3.09	7893	19014	2.41
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi	2344	5240	2.24	4145	10658	2.57	7604	15898	2.09
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur	2190	4937	2.25	3370	10220	3.03	6565	15157	2.31
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai	2217	6523	2.94	3178	10862	3.42